LFTVD vocab

Easter eggs - hidden message / image
Time shifting - to record a show or watch on catch up after the initial broadcast
VOD - Video on demand
PVR - personal video recorder
Streaming - to receive a continuous flow of data (visual or audio) over the internet
Terrestrial - Terrestrial television or 'broadcasted tv' is transmitted by radio waves.

The Big Issue Key Terms

Circulation - Number of copies sold.
Readership - Total number of people likely to read it.
Mass audience - Readership on a large scale.
Niche audience - Narrow group of readers with a particular interest.
Masthead - Title of magazine
Plug - Text that 'plugs' a feature that will appear inside the magazine.
Puff - A story that's given prominence on the cover.
Cover star - The star featured on the cover.
Anchorage text - text that anchors the main image and gives it context / meaning.
Banner - Text that runs across lower section of cover.

Terminology

Platform - Different formats games are available in, such as IOS, PS4 and Xbox.
Cross media platform - Games available on more than one format.
Conglomerate - Large media companies that own smaller media companies e.g. Disney.
Developer - People or companies that own smaller media companies i.e. Sony.
Digital distribution - Making the game available to audiences e.g. Steam.
Engine - A system designed for the creation and development of video games e.g. 'unreal'.
PEGI - Pan European Games Information - age rating system for regulating video games.
Designer - People or companies who bring the concept of the game to life.
RPG - Role playing game.
MMORPG - Maximum multiplayer online role playing game.
FPS - First person shooter.
Event release - Hyped date used heavily in marketing of new games.
Triple A game - An informal classification used for video games with the highest development budgets and levels of promotion.
Open world - Players free to roam in a virtual game world.
DLC - Downloadable content.
Sand box - Style of game that allows the user to change the world around them whenever they want.

Industry Vocab

BARB - Broadcast Audience Researchers Board

• Organisation that compiles audience measurement and television ratings in the United Kingdom. Participating viewers have a box on top of their TV to track the programmes they watch.
• This is useful to the media industry as it allows brands such as the BBC and ITV see which programmes are most popular and see what their audience is most interested in so they can incorporate it into more of their other shows or discontinue less popular shows and show off more of their popular ones. As well as update programmes to suit viewers tastes as public opinion is constantly changing.

Webcasting License

• If you operate a service that that streams sound recordings online e.g. radio then a webcasting license is required. Webcasting involves two exclusive rights of copyright owners : The reproduction of the sound recording for the purpose of creating the webcast programme and the communication of those sound recordings over the internet.

Technological Convergence

• As technology evolves and changes different technological systems evolve toward performing similar tasks.

Web 3.0 / Semantic Web

• A proposed development of the World Wide Web in which data in web pages is structured and tagged in such a way that it can be read directly by computers.

Internet Of things

• The interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Binge Viewing

• Watch multiple episodes of (a television programme) in rapid succession, typically by means of DVDs or digital streaming.

DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting

• Digital audio broadcasting is a digital radio standard for broadcasting digital audio radio services, used in countries across Europe, the Middle East and Asia Pacific.

Traditional Media

• Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, tax press and other print publications.

Google Analytics

• Google Analytics is a freemium web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic. Helps businesses understand their website viewers and customers better.

RAJAR - Radio Joint Audience Research

• Official body in charge of measuring radio audiences in the UK. It is jointly owned by the BBC and the Radio centre on behalf of the commercial sector.

NRS - National Readership Survey

• A joint venture company in the UK between the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), the Newspaper Publishers Association (NPA) and the Periodical Publishers Association (PPA). It provides audience research for print advertising trading in the UK. The survey covers over 250 of Britain's major newspapers and magazines, showing the size and nature of the audiences they achieve. It classifies audiences in a number of ways, one of which is the NRS social grade.

Cultural Imperialism

• Critics of cultural imperialism commonly claim that non-Western cultures, particularly from the Third World, will forsake their traditional values and lose their cultural identities when they are solely exposed to Western media.

Democratisation Of The Mass Media

• Mass media today are regarded as one of the key democratic institutions which are vital in improving the quality of the electoral system, political parties, parliament, judiciary, and other branches of the state, even civil society, and safeguarding their democratic performance.

Effects Of Piracy

• Recent research by Ipsos suggests that almost 30% of the UK population is active in some form of piracy, either through streaming content online or buying counterfeit DVDs. Such theft costs the UK audiovisual industries about £500m a year.
• This reduction of revenue caused in part by piracy has also resulted in studios and production houses making less adventurous choices when it comes to films – just think of the prequels, sequels and remakes hitting screens this summer. Similarly, streaming television content illegally has a huge effect on the business.

Horizontal Integration

• The process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service.

Vertical Integration

• The combination in one firm of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate firms.

Diversification

• Defining characteristic of media firms and products in the new millennium. There was a time when media companies concentrated on their core business, whether through management decision-making or government mandate, and when there were fewer distribution channels available to media producers.

Alternative Media 

• Media that differs from dominant or established types of media in terms of either their content, production or distribution, this type of media can take many forms including print, audio, video, internet and even street art. Examples include counter culture zines of the 1960s, ethnic and indigenous media such as the First Peoples television network in Canada (re branded as aboriginal peoples television network)  another example is online open publishing websites such as Indymedia. 

Independent Media 

• This refers to any form of media such as radio, television, newspapers or the internet that is free of government or corporate influence/interests. 

Difference Between Independent and Alternative Media 

• Independent media is media that is not part of a large corporation and alternative media is a piece of media with a specific point of view that is applied to its story/what its trying to express. Alternative media also doesn't share traditional views, alternative media is independent media, however independent media may or may not alternative depending on how traditional its media coverage is. 

Conglomerate

• A media company/business that is a conglomerate owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks or the internet. An example of a well known conglomerate is Walt Disney.  

GRA - Games Rating Authority

• The GRA sets game ratings that are mandatory under the UK law. The GRA is part of the video standards council which rates games using the PEGI system, games with a rating of PEGI 12, 16 or 18 cannot be sold/hired by anyone under the age of the rating. 

PEGI - Pan European Game Information

• PEGI is an age rating system used on games, they provide a reliable recommendation of the suitable age for a certain game in order to prevent minors. The age rating takes into account the content of the game and not the difficulty of the game.
  
  
  
  Mediawatch UK
• A pressure group in the UK which campaigns against publication of media content that is viewed as harmful and offensive such as violence, sex, profanity, homosexuality and blasphemy. The pressure group was originally known as the National Viewers and Listeners Association and was founded by Mary Whitehouse in 1965. 

IPSO - Independent Press Standards Organisation

• Is the largest independent regulator of the newspapers and magazines in the UK and exists to promote and uphold high standards in professional journalism, and to support members of the public in seeking redress where they believe that the Editors Code of Practice has been breached. The editors code deals with issues such as accuracy, invasion of privacy, intrusion into grief, shock or harassment. IPSO is also able to consider concerns about editorial content in newspapers and magazines and about the conduct of journalists. 

Watershed 

• The watershed was set up by ofcom and includes strict guidelines that is designed to keep children from seeing harmful material such as violence, sexual content, graphic or distressing imagery or swearing. Programmes which contain this material must be shown later in the evening when children are least likely to watch it. On free to air television the watershed runs between 9pm and 5:30am and on premium channels it starts slightly earlier than 8pm through to 6am. 

Ofcom - Office of Communications

• The UK government approved regulation and competition authority for broadcasting, television and postal industries in the UK. 

BBC charter 

• Is the constitutional basis for the BBC, it sets out the public purposes for the corporation, and guarantees its independence. The BBC's new charter commenced on 1st Jan 2017 its key aspects include...
• Ofcom to be external regulator of the BBC
• The government to provide 'guidance' to ofcom on the content requirements for the BBC
• A new 'unitary board' including four members and a chairman all appointed by the government and nine BBC appointed members to consider any complaints. 
• Editorial decisions to remain responsibility of director general. 
• The possibility of production of independent companies to exist across all channels except from the news and some parts of current affairs. 
• The national audit office to have a stronger role in looking at how the BBC spends its money. 

Synergy

• Where different media companies cooperate advantageously for a final outcome. its known as 'the strategy of synchronizing and actively forging connections between directly realted areas of entertainment'.
• New technologies support this process e.g. web, DVD and downloading. Media institution exploit various platforms to sell various products related to one film e.g. film and soundtrack and video game).

PSB - Public Service Broadcasting

• Refers to broadcasting intended for the benefit of the public rather than to serve commercial interest. Ofcom requires certain television and and radio broadcasters to fulfill certain requirements as part of their license to broadcast. All of the BBC's radio and television stations have a public service remit, including those that broadcast digitally. 

Broadcast Code

• Created by ofcom is rules and guidelines that radio and TV programmes in the UK must abide by. It exists to prevent viewers and listeners being exposed to harmful and offensive content but also ensures that broadcasters have the freedom to create challenging programmes. 

IWF- Internet Watch Foundation 

• A registered charity based in Cambridgeshire, its remit is to minimize the availability of potentially criminal internet content specifically images of child sexual abuse and criminally obscene adult content in the UK. The IWF works in informal partnership with the police, government, public and internet service providers.

Shirky - end of audience

Clay Shirkys work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development (participatory media). New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts etc. This is an alternative to centralized and institutional structures which he see's as limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."

Audience - profiling

Media vocabulary

Semiotics - The study of signs and also anything that stands for 'something else'.
Denotation - What we see when we look at the image.
Connotation - What we understand from the image.
Tableau - Still image.
Genre - A theme or style of media / A way of defining a type of media through clear conventions e.g. horror films, political music videos, fashion magazines.
Hybrid genre - A mixture of genres to appeal to a wider audience e.g. RomCom (romance and comedy).
Demographic - Way of organizing somebody by age, money and education.
Psychographic - Way of categorizing people through personality.
Platform - Way in which media is presented e.g. online, broadcast, print.
Form - Type of media e.g. TV, newspaper.

L anguage
I ndustries
A udience
R epresentation

Mise en scene - Everything put together to make a scene...
C ostume
L ighting
A ctors
M akeup
P rops (iconography)
S etting

Stereotype - Media industries use them because the audience automatically recognizes them, and are a 'visual shortcut'. They are repeated so often that we then believe they are true (cultivation theory).
Archetypes - The 'ultimate' stereotype e.g. white stiletto wearing, big busted, blonde brainless bimbo.
Counter-type - A representation that challenges stereotypes of groups, people or places.

Genre Analysis - 
D escribe 
I n detail
S etting (place, historical time period)
T hemes (love, guilt, revenge, good vs evil)
I cons (props)
N arrative (how story is told/plot)
C haracters (boy/girl, background)
T extual analysis (style of camera, editing, mise en scene and sound)

Gatekeeping - A term applied to the editing and filtering process where decisions are made to let some information 'pass through' to the receiver (audience) and other information remains barred.